[2] Inductive effect
Induction of charge due to less or more electronegative element is known as inductive effect. It occurs till four carbon atom and maximum at first carbon atom due to closeness impact.

Application of inductive effect
(a) Acidic strength of Carboxylic acid

As the 'S' character increases electronegativity of atom also increases so that electro negativity order is sp >sp²> sp³
.

(b) Basic strength of amines

II pd. elements are more basic than III pd. elements because in II pd elements vacant d- orbitals are absent.

H₂O < NH₃
For same period elements consider electronegativity order. Less electro negative element is more basic.

R₃N is less basic than R₂NH in H₂
O because of the steric hinderance and solvation effect caused by the three bulky ‘R’ groups.

(c) Reactivity of Carbonyl Compounds

carbonyl compounds give nucleophilic addition reactions where primary attack of nucleophile takes place.

As the size of alkyl group increases stearic hinderance comes into play thus reactivity decreases.