BIOLOGY (Botany)







Section (A): General Biology And Botany



General Biology







Continuity of Life:



i. Mendel's laws of inheritance, with reference to Mendel's experiments with peas, ideas of factors, Monohybrid and Dihybrid ratio.



ii. Genes - Packaging of hereditary material, prokaryotes, bacterial chromosomes, plasmid and Eukarytic chromosomes Genetic material, DNA replication; Genetic Code and Central dogma of protein synthesis.



iii. Cell division - cell cycle, mitosis and meiosis significance.







Applications of Biology :



i. Domestication of plants: improvement of crop plants - Principles of plant breeding and technique of hybridization



Application of Tissue: culture.



Use of fertilizers and pesticides - Their advantage and disadvantages;



Biological method of Pest control.



ii. Bio-energy:- Bio-gas, plants as sources of hydro carbons for producing Petroleum. To



iii. Bio-technology:- Meaning and manufacture of Alcohols, Antibiotics and Vitamins.







Multicellularity. Plant Life :



i. Concept of species - Various taxons and categories, Hierarchial levers of classification, Binomial nomenclature, principles of classification.



ii. Conquest ofl and - Life history of Fern (Nephrolepis), Cycas and angiosperms (Hibiscus, Jowar, Bajra)- Anatomy, development of seed habit, flower and fruit.



(Development of Reproductive structures not expected)



iii. Physiology



Transpiration : Transpiration and exchange of gases, stomatal mechanism.



Photosynthesis : Ultra-structure and functions of chloroplast, photochemical and biosynthetic Phases, diversity in photosynthetic pathways, significance.



Respiration : Ultra-structure and function of mitochondrion, glycolysis, Krebs cycle, electron transport system, fermentation, significance.



Growth: Plant hormones and growth regulation, action of plant hormones in relation to seed dormancy and germination, apical dominance.



Reproduction : Asxual and sxual Brief account of mode of sxual reproduction in multicellular lower plants-antheridium and archegonium. Sxual reproduction in



angiosperms Pollination, structure of male and female gametophytes, fertilization, formation of endosperm embryo, seed and fruit.







BIOLOGY (Zoology)



Section (B) - General Biology And Zoology







Evolution of Life :



i. Evolution: Definition, Darwin's theory of natural selection (Common origin, recombination as a source of variability, Role of selection on variation, adaptation,



reproductive isolation and speciation).



ii. Human evolution: Paleontological evidences, Brief idea of the Dryopithecus, Australopithecus, Homo-erectus, Homomeanderthalensis, Cro-magnon, Homosapiens.







Continuity of Life :



i. Sx determination and sx linkage in man.



ii. Domestication of animals- Introduction of poultry, fisheries, Sericulture and apiculture. Principles of animal breeding, major animal diseases and their control



iii. Human diseases and their control + Hepatitis, AIDs, Leprosy, Cancer.



iv. Community Health Services - Blood banks smoking. Alocoholism, drug addiction- Physiological symptoms and their measures.



v. Pollution - Air, Water - effect and control



vi. Human population - Growth, problems and control







Multicellularity :



Structure and functions of animal life with reference to mammals:



i. Circulation-Closed vascular system, Heartstructure and pumping action, Arterial blood pressures.



ii. Excretion and Osmo-regulation : Aminotelism, uriotelism, uricotelism, Excretion of water and urea, with special reference to man, role of Kidney, in regulation of plasma, osmoregularity on the basis of structure of nephron: role of skin and lungs, in excretion.



iii. Hormonal Co-ordination: Morphological and histological structure of pituitary and thyroid glands, Important hormones of prituitary and thyroid and their role as messengers and regulators.



iv. Nervous Co-ordination: Central, Peripheral, autonomous nervous system, receptors and effectors, reflex action.



v. Locomotion - Joints, muscle movements



vi. Skeleton - Brief account of human skeleton



vii. Reproduction: Human reproduction, female reproductive cycle, embryonic development up to three germinal layers.



viii. Classification of chordata: Pisces, Amphibia, Reptilia, Aves, Mammals, highlighting major characters wi.t.h tw.o e.x.amples of each class.